Zeitgeist

A Politico-Psychological Analysis

Report generated

February 13, 2026

1 Study Characteristics

1.1 Items: Zeitgeist

Two facets:
- Empathic Concern
- Perspective Taking

Items

Zeitgeist comprises two facets:
- Collective Discontent
- Personal Discontent

Collective Discontent
How many out of the last 30 days did the average american encounter problems with, or was bothered by…

Personal Discontent
How many out of the last 30 days did YOU encounter problems with, or was bothered by…

  1. Crime
  2. Immigrants
  3. Social Injustice
  4. Health care provision
  5. Global warming
  6. The economy
  7. Money shortages or budget cuts
  8. Personal safety
  9. Social cohesion
  10. Privacy
  11. Unemployment
  12. The government
  13. Unequal opportunities for privileged groups
  14. Corruption and/or fraud
  15. Lack of democracy
  16. Income inequality
  17. Lack of freedom
  18. Overregulation (i.e. red tape)
  19. Discrimination
  20. Alcohol or drugs abuse
  21. Indecent or antisocial behavior
  22. Unequal opportunities for unprivileged groups
  23. Quality of the Justice System
  24. Lack of respect
  25. Quality of police work
  26. Quality of politicians’ work
  27. Quality of journalism
  28. Quality of education
  29. Quality of health care

    Possible response values are from 0 to 30.

Source:
van der Bles, A. M., Postmes, T., & Meijer, R. R. (2015). Understanding collective discontents: A psychological approach to measuring zeitgeist. PloS one, 10(6), e0130100.

1.2 Samples 2016

N=1500

To conduct a exploratory and a confirmatory large surveys during the general election, we hired a professional survey firm (SSI, a US-based market research company that recruits participants from a panel of 7,139,027 American citizens; more information can be found at www.surveysampling.com (now https://www.dynata.com/) to recruit a nationally representative sample of 1,500 Americans (50.7% women) who completed study materials during the general election from August 16-September 9, 2016. (Information about sampling and exclusion criteria is included in the Supplement). The age distribution was as follows: 18-24 (12.9%), 25-34 (17.6%), 35-44 (17.5%), 45-54 (19.5%), 55-65 (15.6%) and older than 65 (16.9%). The ethnic breakdown was: White/European American (82.5%), Black/African American (7.7%), Latino (5.9%) and “Other” (4.0%). Concerning religion, 67.6% identified as Christian, 17.1% as religiously affiliated but not Christian, and 15.3% as Atheist/Agnostic. With respect to education 35.1% indicated “high school only or lower,” 31.4 % indicated “some college,” and 33.6% indicated having received a “Bachelor” or “Graduate” degree. 2424 participants were directed to the survey,1885 of which finished the survey (attrition rate 22%).

We followed recommendations to minimize the problem of careless responding in online studies. Specifically, we employed 10 random attention questions and time controls to check for data quality. There were 385 participants who failed more than one attention check or finished the survey in under ~22 minutes and were therefore excluded from the sample. For the 1500 participants who successfully finished the survey, completion time was 67 minutes on average (MD: 51min).

N=2119

Also through SSI we also recruited 2,119 American adults (21.5% women), who completed study materials from August 20-September 13, 2016. (Information about sampling and exclusion criteria is included in the Supplement). Age was distributed as follows: 18-24 (9.1%), 25-34 (13.8%), 35-44 (11.4%), 45-54 (2.7%), 55-65(3.6%), 65 and older (59.3%). The ethnic breakdown was: White/European American (85.9%), Black/African American (5.1%), Latino (4.1%), and “Other” (5.0%). In terms of religion, 70.7% identified as Christian, 15.7% as religiously affiliated but not Christian, and 13.7% as Atheist/Agnostic. With respect to educational status, 16.2% chose “high school or lower,” 40.4% reported “some college” and 43.4% had attained a “Bachelor” or “Graduate” degree. The median income category was $50,000-$74,999. 3425 participants were directed to the survey, 2,262 of which finished the survey (attrition rate 22 %).

We followed recommendations to minimize the problem of careless responding in online studies (Meade & Craig, 2012). Specifically, we employed 10 random attention questions and time controls to check for data quality. There were 543 participants who failed more than one attention check or finished the survey in under ~22 minutes and were therefore excluded from the sample. For the 2,119 participants who successfully finished the survey, completion time was 92 minutes on average (MD: 57min).

2 Descriptives

2.1 Means, SD, Range, & SE

Descriptives for Zeitgeist, Construct and Facets
vars n mean sd median min max range se
Collective_Discontent_mean 1 466 10.98 7.39 10.03 0 30 30 0.34
Personal_Discontent_mean 2 464 5.23 5.87 2.66 0 30 30 0.27
Descriptives for Zeitgeist at Item Level
n mean sd median min max range se
Collective_Discontent1 466 11.78 10.39 9.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.48
Collective_Discontent2 466 9.48 9.53 6.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.44
Collective_Discontent3 466 9.71 9.26 6.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.43
Collective_Discontent4 466 12.14 9.94 10.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.46
Collective_Discontent5 466 7.88 9.24 4.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.43
Collective_Discontent6 466 15.14 10.26 15.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.48
Collective_Discontent7 466 13.34 9.84 12.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.46
Collective_Discontent8 466 11.21 9.63 9.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.45
Collective_Discontent9 466 8.09 8.86 5.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.41
Collective_Discontent10 466 10.28 9.55 8.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.44
Collective_Discontent11 466 11.69 9.51 10.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.44
Collective_Discontent12 466 14.23 10.65 14.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.49
Collective_Discontent13 466 9.73 9.69 7.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.45
Collective_Discontent14 466 11.15 10.10 8.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.47
Collective_Discontent15 466 8.81 9.38 5.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.43
Collective_Discontent16 466 10.44 9.78 8.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.45
Collective_Discontent17 466 8.00 9.18 4.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.43
Collective_Discontent18 466 11.95 10.26 10.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.48
Collective_Discontent19 466 10.42 9.85 8.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.46
Collective_Discontent20 466 11.88 9.94 10.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.46
Collective_Discontent21 466 9.38 9.21 6.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.43
Collective_Discontent22 466 9.47 9.55 7.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.44
Collective_Discontent23 466 10.05 9.70 8.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.45
Collective_Discontent24 466 12.23 10.44 10.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.48
Collective_Discontent25 466 9.25 9.78 5.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.45
Collective_Discontent26 466 14.40 10.89 14.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.50
Collective_Discontent27 466 12.61 10.74 10.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.50
Collective_Discontent28 466 11.39 9.74 10.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.45
Collective_Discontent29 466 12.31 10.15 10.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.47
Personal_Discontent1 464 4.11 7.68 0.50 0 30.00 30.00 0.36
Personal_Discontent2 464 4.13 7.70 0.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.36
Personal_Discontent3 464 4.32 7.58 0.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.35
Personal_Discontent4 464 5.10 7.89 1.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.37
Personal_Discontent5 464 4.47 7.86 1.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.36
Personal_Discontent6 464 8.72 10.43 4.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.48
Personal_Discontent7 464 7.03 10.06 1.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.47
Personal_Discontent8 464 4.14 7.24 1.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.34
Personal_Discontent9 464 3.17 6.39 0.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.30
Personal_Discontent10 464 4.72 7.84 1.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.36
Personal_Discontent11 464 5.22 9.19 0.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.43
Personal_Discontent12 464 8.30 10.69 2.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.50
Personal_Discontent13 464 4.30 7.85 0.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.36
Personal_Discontent14 464 5.42 8.89 1.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.41
Personal_Discontent15 464 4.41 8.09 0.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.38
Personal_Discontent16 464 5.27 8.97 0.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.42
Personal_Discontent17 464 4.61 8.35 0.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.39
Personal_Discontent18 464 5.76 9.08 1.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.42
Personal_Discontent19 464 4.19 7.96 0.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.37
Personal_Discontent20 464 3.75 7.51 0.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.35
Personal_Discontent21 464 3.75 6.95 0.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.32
Personal_Discontent22 464 3.65 7.14 0.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.33
Personal_Discontent23 464 4.65 8.14 0.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.38
Personal_Discontent24 464 6.29 9.32 1.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.43
Personal_Discontent25 464 3.72 7.39 0.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.34
Personal_Discontent26 464 8.52 10.97 2.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.51
Personal_Discontent27 464 8.41 10.92 2.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.51
Personal_Discontent28 464 5.46 8.76 1.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.41
Personal_Discontent29 464 6.09 9.18 1.00 0 30.00 30.00 0.43
Zeitgeist 466 8.11 5.87 7.29 0 29.93 29.93 0.27
Collective_Discontent_mean 466 10.98 7.39 10.03 0 30.00 30.00 0.34
Personal_Discontent_mean 464 5.23 5.87 2.66 0 30.00 30.00 0.27

2.2 Likert scale distribution

2.3 Correlations

2.3.1 Correlation Plots

2.3.2 PIDF

2.3.3 Correlation Matrix



3 Demographics

3.1 Social Class




Note on the Raincloud Plots

  • Statistical summary (top): Welch’s t-test (or ANOVA) results, effect size, confidence intervals, p-values, and sample sizes are shown above each plot.
  • Bayesian analysis (bottom): Log Bayes factor and credible intervals are reported below each plot.



Zeitgeist as grouped by SES
SES N Mean SD
Poor 14 -0.01 1.01
Lower Middle Class 106 0.11 0.99
Middle Middle Class 222 0.08 1.04
Upper Middle Class 94 -0.17 0.96
Rich 30 -0.48 0.60
Collective_Discontent grouped by SES
SES N Mean SD
Poor 14 0.17 1.26
Lower Middle Class 106 0.10 0.99
Middle Middle Class 222 0.08 1.02
Upper Middle Class 94 -0.17 0.96
Rich 30 -0.47 0.70
Personal_Discontent grouped by SES
SES N Mean SD
Poor 14 -0.22 0.62
Lower Middle Class 106 0.10 1.02
Middle Middle Class 220 0.07 1.05
Upper Middle Class 94 -0.13 0.99
Rich 30 -0.38 0.54



3.2 Gender




Zeitgeist as grouped by Gender
Gender N Mean SD
Male 740 NaN NA
Female 760 NaN NA
Collective_Discontent grouped by Sex
Sex N Mean SD
Male 325 -0.05 0.96
Female 141 0.11 1.08
Personal_Discontent grouped by Sex
Sex N Mean SD
Male 324 0.02 1.03
Female 140 -0.05 0.92



3.3 Age




Zeitgeist as grouped by Age
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 193 NaN NA
25-34 years 264 NaN NA
35-44 years 263 NaN NA
45-54 years 292 NaN NA
55-64 years 234 NaN NA
65+ 254 NaN NA
Collective_Discontent grouped by Age
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 110 0.05 0.95
25-34 years 74 0.21 1.13
35-44 years 61 0.10 1.04
45-54 years 22 -0.22 1.09
55-64 years 5 0.24 0.86
65+ 194 -0.12 0.94
Personal_Discontent grouped by Age
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 110 0.24 1.15
25-34 years 74 0.12 1.02
35-44 years 60 -0.30 0.71
45-54 years 22 -0.08 1.11
55-64 years 5 -0.42 0.62
65+ 193 -0.07 0.95



3.4 Education




Zeitgeist as grouped by Education
Education N Mean SD
Bachelor 310 NaN NA
Graduate 193 NaN NA
High School 475 NaN NA
Less than High School 51 NaN NA
Some College 471 NaN NA
Collective_Discontent grouped by Education
Edu N Mean SD
Less than High School 25 0.02 0.81
High School 192 0.12 1.09
Some College 125 0.04 1.01
Bachelor 73 -0.12 0.88
Graduate 51 -0.37 0.77
Personal_Discontent grouped by Education
Edu N Mean SD
Less than High School 25 -0.10 0.94
High School 192 0.13 1.14
Some College 123 -0.03 0.92
Bachelor 73 -0.05 0.94
Graduate 51 -0.30 0.65



3.5 Income Levels




Zeitgeist as grouped by Income Levels
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 71 0.15 1.04
$15,000-$24,999 72 -0.05 0.96
$25,000-$34,999 68 0.07 1.06
$35,000-$49,999 70 0.12 0.97
$50,000-$74,999 66 0.03 1.04
$75,000-$99,999 36 -0.08 0.88
$100,000-$149,999 45 -0.13 1.07
$150,000 + 38 -0.35 0.85
Collective_Discontent grouped by Income Levels
Income N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 71 0.13 1.05
$15,000-$24,999 72 -0.07 0.99
$25,000-$34,999 68 0.05 1.05
$35,000-$49,999 70 0.14 0.91
$50,000-$74,999 66 0.05 1.07
$75,000-$99,999 36 -0.06 0.91
$100,000-$149,999 45 -0.12 1.06
$150,000 + 38 -0.36 0.83
Personal_Discontent grouped by Income Levels
Income N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 71 0.14 1.02
$15,000-$24,999 72 -0.02 0.96
$25,000-$34,999 68 0.08 1.05
$35,000-$49,999 69 0.05 1.06
$50,000-$74,999 65 0.02 0.99
$75,000-$99,999 36 -0.09 0.87
$100,000-$149,999 45 -0.12 1.08
$150,000 + 38 -0.25 0.90



3.6 Ethnicity




Zeitgeist as grouped by Ethnicity
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Caucasian/European origin 398 -0.04 1.00
Black/African American 26 0.19 0.93
Latino 22 0.38 1.18
Asian/Pacific Islander 10 -0.22 0.57
Native American 3 0.37 1.38
Other 7 0.33 1.03
Collective_Discontent grouped by Ethnicity
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Caucasian/European origin 398 -0.04 0.99
Black/African American 26 0.30 1.04
Latino 22 0.32 1.11
Asian/Pacific Islander 10 -0.21 0.55
Native American 3 0.19 1.27
Other 7 0.40 1.02
Personal_Discontent grouped by Ethnicity
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Caucasian/European origin 396 -0.02 0.99
Black/African American 26 0.01 0.94
Latino 22 0.35 1.28
Asian/Pacific Islander 10 -0.18 0.71
Native American 3 0.51 1.18
Other 7 0.15 0.87



3.7 Occupation




Zeitgeist as grouped by Occupation
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 168 0.01 1.01
Retired 150 -0.08 0.98
Unemployed 55 0.10 0.98
Parent 25 -0.09 1.02
Disabled 18 -0.10 0.78
Student 42 0.15 1.15
Full-time caregiver 6 0.24 0.93
Collective_Discontent grouped by Occupation
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 169 0.03 0.99
Retired 151 -0.14 0.97
Unemployed 55 0.07 1.11
Parent 25 0.20 1.08
Disabled 18 0.33 1.13
Student 42 0.01 0.87
Full-time caregiver 6 0.39 1.02
Personal_Discontent grouped by Occupation
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 168 0.01 1.01
Retired 150 -0.08 0.98
Unemployed 55 0.10 0.98
Parent 25 -0.09 1.02
Disabled 18 -0.10 0.78
Student 42 0.15 1.15
Full-time caregiver 6 0.24 0.93



3.8 Area




Zeitgeist as grouped by Area
Area N Mean SD
Urban 284 -0.03 0.97
Rural 180 0.05 1.05
Collective_Discontent grouped by Area
Area N Mean SD
Urban 284 -0.03 1
Rural 182 0.05 1
Personal_Discontent grouped by Area
Area N Mean SD
Urban 284 -0.03 0.97
Rural 180 0.05 1.05



3.9 Religious Affiliation




Zeitgeist as grouped by Religious Affiliation
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Christian 1014 NaN NA
Muslim 9 NaN NA
Jewish 52 NaN NA
Atheist/Agnostic 230 NaN NA
No religion 195 NaN NA
Collective_Discontent grouped by Religious Affiliation
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Christian 326 0.05 0.99
Muslim 3 -0.61 0.76
Jewish 11 -0.38 1.13
Atheist/Agnostic 66 -0.12 1.02
No religion 60 -0.04 0.98
Personal_Discontent grouped by Religious Affiliation
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Christian 324 -0.01 0.99
Muslim 3 -0.49 0.62
Jewish 11 -0.29 0.89
Atheist/Agnostic 66 0.17 1.13
No religion 60 -0.07 0.94



4 Political Behavior

4.1 Political Orientation

Correlation with General Conservatism, Economic Conservatism, Social Conservatism





  Political Orientation Social Political Orientation Economic Political Orientation Composite Political Orientation
Predictors Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 5.91 5.70 – 6.13 <0.001 5.59 5.34 – 5.83 <0.001 6.07 5.84 – 6.29 <0.001 5.86 5.65 – 6.06 <0.001
Zeitgeist -0.03 -0.24 – 0.18 0.772 0.04 -0.20 – 0.29 0.721 -0.15 -0.38 – 0.08 0.189 -0.05 -0.25 – 0.16 0.660
Observations 466 466 466 466
R2 / R2 adjusted 0.000 / -0.002 0.000 / -0.002 0.004 / 0.002 0.000 / -0.002



  Political Orientation Social Political Orientation Economic Political Orientation Composite Political Orientation
Predictors Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 2.94 2.25 – 3.63 <0.001 2.37 1.61 – 3.13 <0.001 2.88 2.12 – 3.64 <0.001 2.73 2.07 – 3.39 <0.001
Zeitgeist 0.00 -0.03 – 0.04 0.800 0.01 -0.02 – 0.05 0.567 -0.01 -0.04 – 0.03 0.715 0.00 -0.03 – 0.03 0.867
Age 0.30 0.20 – 0.40 <0.001 0.34 0.23 – 0.45 <0.001 0.32 0.21 – 0.43 <0.001 0.32 0.23 – 0.41 <0.001
Income 0.03 -0.07 – 0.13 0.596 -0.07 -0.19 – 0.04 0.203 0.07 -0.04 – 0.19 0.205 0.01 -0.09 – 0.11 0.852
Religiosity 0.31 0.24 – 0.38 <0.001 0.45 0.37 – 0.52 <0.001 0.21 0.13 – 0.28 <0.001 0.32 0.26 – 0.39 <0.001
Education 0.02 -0.18 – 0.23 0.819 -0.06 -0.29 – 0.16 0.575 0.24 0.01 – 0.46 0.042 0.06 -0.13 – 0.26 0.513
Observations 466 466 466 466
R2 / R2 adjusted 0.263 / 0.255 0.316 / 0.309 0.214 / 0.205 0.299 / 0.292

4.2 Religiosity



4.3 Religiosity & Political Orientation


4.4 Voting

Zeitgeist Candidate Preferences
  2016 [Trump vs. Clinton] 2016 [Trump vs. Clinton] + Supporters 2012 [Romney vs. Obama] 2008 [McCain vs. Obama]
Predictors Log-Odds CI p Log-Odds CI p Log-Odds CI p Log-Odds CI p
(Intercept) -0.712 -Inf – Inf <0.001 -0.719 -Inf – Inf <0.001 -0.459 -Inf – Inf <0.001 -0.460 -Inf – Inf <0.001
Zeitgeist -0.173 -Inf – Inf 0.158 -0.178 -Inf – Inf 0.141 -0.029 -Inf – Inf 0.791 0.060 -Inf – Inf 0.582
Observations 316 338 333 323
R2 Tjur 0.006 0.006 0.000 0.001


4.5 Voting & Party Identity

  2016 [Clinton vs. Trump] 2016 [Trump vs. Clinton] + Supporters
Predictors Odds Ratios CI p Odds Ratios CI p
(Intercept) 22.77 8.49 – 75.34 <0.001 18.34 7.41 – 53.86 <0.001
Party Identity (dichotomous) 0.01 0.00 – 0.01 <0.001
Party Identity (dichotomous) 0.93 0.86 – 1.01 0.089 0.94 0.87 – 1.01 0.087
Zeitgeist 0.01 0.00 – 0.02 <0.001
Observations 318 340
R2 Tjur 0.016 0.053



4.6 Likeability

4.7 Trump’s likeability




4.8 Clinton’s likeability





4.9 Johnson’s Likeability



5 Politico-Psychological correlates of Zeitgeist

5.1 Ideologies and Partisanship



5.2 Populism, Nationalism, Nativism, and Patriotism



5.3 Political Psychology

5.4 Social Justice Concerns, Empathy, and Prejudice



5.5 Values



5.6 Pot-Pourri



5.7 Positive and Negative correlates of Zeitgeist

5.7.1 Positive Correlates

5.7.2 Negative Correlates

5.8 Section Summary


5.8.1 Interaction with Social Dominance and System Justification

  Zeitgeist Zeitgeist Zeitgeist Zeitgeist Zeitgeist
Predictors Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 9.00 7.32 – 10.67 <0.001 7.28 5.13 – 9.44 <0.001 13.94 11.86 – 16.02 <0.001 14.43 11.70 – 17.16 <0.001 12.53 10.23 – 14.84 <0.001
Social Dominance Orientation -0.22 -0.61 – 0.17 0.273
Right-Wing Authoritarianism 0.15 -0.24 – 0.54 0.437
System Justification -1.14 -1.54 – -0.75 <0.001
Economic System Justification -1.25 -1.78 – -0.72 <0.001
Gender-specific System Justification -0.78 -1.18 – -0.38 <0.001
Observations 466 466 466 466 466
R2 / R2 adjusted 0.003 / 0.000 0.001 / -0.001 0.065 / 0.063 0.044 / 0.042 0.031 / 0.029



  Zeitgeist Zeitgeist Zeitgeist Zeitgeist Zeitgeist
Predictors Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 9.95 6.94 – 12.97 <0.001 9.29 -0.28 – 18.87 0.057 13.94 11.86 – 16.02 <0.001 14.43 11.70 – 17.16 <0.001 12.53 10.23 – 14.84 <0.001
SDO7_Dominance -0.07 -1.01 – 0.88 0.892
SDO7_AntiEgal -0.69 -1.44 – 0.06 0.070
SDO7_Dominance:SDO7_AntiEgal 0.08 -0.12 – 0.28 0.425
RWA_Aggression 0.40 -1.72 – 2.52 0.709
RWA_Conventionalism -1.49 -4.06 – 1.07 0.253
RWA_Submission 0.05 -2.56 – 2.66 0.971
RWA_Aggression:RWA_Conventionalism 0.12 -0.32 – 0.57 0.584
RWA_Aggression:RWA_Submission -0.12 -0.60 – 0.37 0.643
RWA_Conventionalism:RWA_Submission 0.18 -0.37 – 0.72 0.520
RWA_Aggression:RWA_Conventionalism:RWA_Submission -0.01 -0.10 – 0.08 0.865
SJ_Gen -1.14 -1.54 – -0.75 <0.001
SJ_Eco -1.25 -1.78 – -0.72 <0.001
SJ_Gender -0.78 -1.18 – -0.38 <0.001
Observations 466 466 466 466 466
R2 / R2 adjusted 0.012 / 0.006 0.013 / -0.002 0.065 / 0.063 0.044 / 0.042 0.031 / 0.029


5.8.2 Interaction between Social Dominance Orientation and Zeitgeist


5.8.3 Summary of Regression Models

Observations 466 (1034 missing obs. deleted)
Dependent variable facet
Type OLS linear regression
F(1,464) 1.21
R² 0.00
Adj. R² 0.00
Est. S.E. t val. p
(Intercept) 9.00 0.85 10.56 0.00
SDO -0.22 0.20 -1.10 0.27
Standard errors: OLS